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Comparison of Engine Power Correction Factors for Varying Atmospheric Conditions

This work evaluates proposed methods to correct engine power output as a function of atmospheric conditions. The analysis was made through experiments carried out in a vehicle on the road, under different temperature, pressure and air humidity conditions. The vehicle had a four-cylinder gasoline-fuelled engine, with multi-point fuel injection system, variable intake pipe length and variable intake valve camshaft position. The vehicle was tested at sea level and at 827 m above sea level, corresponding to atmospheric pressures between 1027 and 926 mbar. Air temperature varied from 22,8 to 33,8 °C at the test locations. The measured performance parameter in the tests was the vehicle acceleration time. The acceleration times from 0 to 400 m, 0 to 1000 m, 40 to 100 km/h and 80 to 120 km/h were all recorded, leaving from an initial vehicle speed of 40 km/h. The engine power curve obtained in laboratory under a standard ambient condition was corrected to the conditions of the road tests

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Barbara Nesbitt Plaintiff-Appellant, National Muscle Car Association

¶ 1 Held: The circuit court did not err by dismissing plaintiff's claims against the NMCA, Promedia, the NHRA, and Ted Peters on the basis of a release and waiver of liability signed by plaintiff because: 1) those defendants fell within the definition of "releasees" set forth in the agreement; 2) the language of the release was sufficiently clear to define the "event" as the drag racing event during which plaintiff was injured; 3) the danger that caused plaintiff's injury was within the range of dangers of which plaintiff assumed the risk when she signed the release; and 4) plaintiff forfeited her claim that the NHRA and Peters did not provide consideration in exchange for her promise to release them from liability because she did not raise that claim before the circuit court.

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The Standard Atmosphere

Aerospace vehicles can be divided into two basic categories: atmospheric vehicles such as airplanes and helicopters, which always fly within the sensible atmosphere, and space vehicles such as satellites, the Apollo lunar vehicle, and deep-space probes, which operate outside the sensible atmosphere. However, space vehicles do encounter the earth's atmosphere during their blastoffs from the earth’s surface and again during their reentries and recoveries after completion of their missions. If the vehicle is a planetary probe, then it may encounter the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, etc. Therefore, during the design and performance of any aerospace vehicle, the properties of the atmosphere must be taken into account. The earth's atmosphere is a dynamically changing system, constantly in a state of flux. The pressure and temperature of the atmosphere depend on altitude, location on the globe (longitude and latitude), time of day, season, and even solar sunspot activity. To take all these variations into account when considering the design and performance of flight vehicles is impractical.

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Short Time Period Atmospheric Density Variations and Determination of Density Errors From Selected Rocketsonde Sensors

l. INTRODUCTION

A knowledge of the vertical and horizontal variation of atmospheric density is required to solve problems such as reentry effects on missiles and their components. For guided reentering vehicles, it has been shown that maximum reentry heating commonly occurs in the 5040 70-km altitude region of the atmosphere. The deceleration (in g's) of a reentry vehicle is given by the dynamic pressure, p=0.5pv2, divided by the ballistic coefficient, B= W/C,A, where p is the atmospheric density, W the weight of the vehicle, V the relative velocity, CD the drag coefficient, and A the reference area of the vehicle.

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Fastener Design Manual

Summary

This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to. choose appropriate fasteners for their designs.Subject matter includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants,corrosion,locking methods,washers,inserts,thread types and classes,fatigue loading,and fastener torque.A section on design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas,loads on a fastener group,combining simultaneous shear and tension loads,pullout load for tapped holes,grip length,head styles,and fastener strengths.The second half of this manual presents general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and lock bolts.

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The Air Density Equation and the Transfer of the Mass Unit

Abstract

A new formulation of the equation for calculation of air density has been developed. The Cohen and Taylor value of the gas constant, currently accepted values of the atomic weights, and recent determinations of abundances of the various constituents of air have been used. The abundance of carbon dioxide has been treated as a variable and a factor enabling convenient adjustment of the apparent molecular weight of air for deviation of carbon dioxide abundance from a background value has been derived. A new table of the compressibility factor for the range of pressure and temperature of interest in standards laboratories has been calculated using recently determined values of virial coefficients. The enhancement factor, which has usually been ignored, has been explicitly included. A simple equation for the calculation of enhancement factor has been fitted to values in the range of pressure and temperature of interest. A simple equation for the calculation of saturation water vapor pressure has been fitted. Uncertainties, random and systematic, in the parameters and in the measurement of environmental variables and consequent uncertainties in calculated air density have been estimated.

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