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Sponsorship and Congruity Theory: A Theoretical Framework For Explaining Consumer Attitude and Recall of Event Sponsorship

ABSTRACT

Sponsorship as a marketing communication tool has increased remarkably over the past two decades. Drawing from research in social psychology, a conceptual framework which affords a clearer understanding of the appropriate sponsoring of events when objectives are to improve consumer attitudes and increase recall is developed. The framework suggests that companies sponsoring events that provide a moderately inconsistent "fit" Bto their company will be viewed more favorably by consumers.

INTRODUCTION

Corporate sponsorship as a promotional acivity has increased remarkably over the past two decades and has been acknowledged as an increasingly important element of the communication strategy used by marketing-driven corporations in order to reach their customers. In 1996 sponsorship expenditure reached $13.5 billion worldwide (Sandler and Shani 1998) and is expected to reach $19 billion in 1999, making sponsorship the fastest growing area of promotion (Taylor 1999; Ukman 1995). Notably, more companies are involved in sponsoring leisure activities such as sports and music, while fewer are involved in the science...

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Understanding Exclusive Sponsorship Contracts

Printed in the Business Monday newspaper on July 26th, 2010

With the Crop Over season in high gear and much demand for event sponsorship, one issue that commands attention is exclusive sponsorship, where sponsors insist that businesses promote their products exclusively at events and venues.

The Fair Competition Act as enforced by the Fair Trading Commission prohibits the establishment of exclusive sponsorship arrangements if these arrangements lead to a substantial restriction of competition.

Sponsors often attempt to limit or deny businesses from granting similar promotional opportunities to rivals for the same event. The sponsor normally seeks to accomplish this by insisting upon a degree of exclusivity within the contract whereby the business hosting the event is restrained from dealing with the sponsor’s rivals. The extent of the exclusivity demanded is often dependent on the measure of financial input the sponsor is willing to provide.

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of exclusive contracts.

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Sponsorship Relationships As Strategic Alliances: A Life Cycle Model Approach

In recent years, academics and practitioners have recognized that sponsorship relationships operate as strategic alliances. Additionally, they have emphasized the lack of analytical approaches which allow an understanding of the developmental process of such alliances. In an attempt to fill this gap, we examine how key sponsorship characteristics change over different stages of the life cycle (formation, operation, and outcome) to determine the success or failure of the relationship. Specifically, we propose a life cycle model that articulates general paths in sponsorship relationship developmental stages and the behavior pattern of sponsorship characteristics. Throughout this framework, we illustrate our reasoning with examples drawn from the UBS/Team Alinghi sponsorship relationship.

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Corporate Sponsorships of Philanthropic Activities: When Do They Impact Perception of Sponsor Brand?

We examined the benefits to a corporate sponsor of two types of philanthropic activities cause promotions and advocacy advertising. Results from laboratory studies indicate that perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) are affected by consumers’ elaboration levels. Consumer perceptions of CSR are more favorable for cause promotions, which do not receive much elaboration, than they are for advocacy advertising, which prompts more elaboration. In addition, perceived congruence between the sponsor and the social issue is shown to moderate these effects: Higher congruence between the sponsor and social issue increases favorable ratings of CSR for cause promotions but only if elaboration on the sponsorship activity is facilitated. On the other hand, lower congruence increases favorable ratings of CSR for advocacy advertising as long as elaboration on the sponsorship is not constrained. We also found that higher congruence enhances CSR ratings if participants are primed to focus their attention on the sponsor brand, whereas lower congruence enhances CSR...

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Alcohol Brand Sponsorship Report: Identified Alcohol Brand Required Sponsorships – U.S., 2010-2013

Methods This study examined sponsorship of organizations and events in the U.S. by alcohol brands from 2010-2013. The top 75 brands of alcohol consumed by underage drinkers were identified based on a previously conducted national internet-based survey. For each of these brands, a systematic search for sponsorships was conducted using Google.

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Stanford Institute For Economic Policy Research Broadcasting And Team Sports

Abstract

Television rights are the largest component of revenues for major sports in large, rich nations. Among these nations, the market structure for rights varies due to different competition policies towards sports and television. This essay examines how game coverage, revenues and competitive balance are affected by competition in commercial television and sales of rights. It argues that consumers are better off if television is competitive and leagues do not centralize rights sales. We conclude that centralization of rights sales does not improve competitive balance or benefit financially weak teams. Finally, while digital telecommunications are making television competitive, ending centralization of sales by leagues requires policy intervention.

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Perspectives on the ROI of Media Relations Publicity Efforts

Executive Summary

This paper discusses several different approaches to deriving a Return-on-Investment (ROI) for the support provided by media relations publicity efforts within a marketing campaign. The primary questions discussed in the paper are whether it is possible to show that media publicity helped generate sales or other business outcomes, and can a financial return be attributed to the publicity?

Media relations publicity is a part of public relations that is generally included in Marketing Communications or MARCOM, Marketing PR or Media Relations-based Marketing. This paper is not concerned with the ROI of the many other aspects of public relations or their derivatives. The scope of the paper is more narrow and focused specifically on how to show the business value of a story in the media that has been placed as a result of public relations within the marketing campaign mix

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Financial Analysis of Broadcast TV Programming

Abstract

With a landscape of vertically integrated media conglomeerates and new distribution windows constantly emerging, a TV show can generate multiple revenue streams complicating the economics of television networks. The purpose of this study is to analyze the revenue sources that can be associated with a TV show and their impact on programming decisions. Through a combination of econometric models, statistical tests and financial analysis, the researcher studied the internal and external factors that influence the four main revenue streams of TV shows: advertising, syndication, home video and online platforms. In addition, the DVR and other time-shifting technologies were observed.

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The Changing TV Experience: 2017

The consumer video landscape has been changing by leaps and types to viewing devices and platforms. In 2015 IAB conducted understand the behavioral shift of consumers’ TV the first bounds, from content sources and video Changing TV Experience study viewing experience on the big screen. What the TV viewing experience since then? What’s different, what’s the This 2017 update on the Changing TV Experience Study includes same, and what’s tracking of new ? to has changed in video viewing trends by screen, and in particular the content and advertising experience and consumer engagement during device ownership, digital video streaming on a smart TV or via a video streaming device in comparison to traditional linear TV viewing.

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Sports Marketing and the Law: Protecting Proprietary Interests in Sports Entertainment Events

I. INTRODUCTION

This article is intended to help owners of sports entertainment properties protect their long-term financial interests and the goodwill generated from the promotion of sports teams, events, corporate sponsorships, licensed merchandise, franchise, and broadcast rights (collectively referred to as "Sports Marketing"). To encourage development of new sports entertainment events, investors must be given a reasonable chance of obtaining a favorable return before being copied by competitors.uh

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Motivational Factors Influencing Sport Spectator Involvement At NCAA Division II Basketball Games

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational factors affecting sport spectator involvement using 304 spectators from NCAA Division II men's and women's basketball games. Two aspects (behavioral and socio-psychological) of sport spectator involvement were examined.

The results revealed that spectators at intercollegiate basketball games had a higher level of socio-psychological involvement than behavioral involvement. A series of multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the affects of socio- motivational factors (perceived value, fan identification, involvement opportunity, and reference groups) on sport spectator involvement.

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Feasibility Study of Marketing Channels in the Music Industry

Abstract

Feasibility Study of Marketing Channels in the Music Industry Joseph C. Terry

The Feasibility Study of Marketing Channels in the Music Industry examines the current relationship between recording artists, and the television networks as compared with the relationships that they once had with networks before the digital revolution an the resulting ability to have media at your fingertips. The concept of a record label signing an artist, producing a record and using television for promotional purposes to reach maximum exposure has essentially become an obsolete business model. The digital revolution provides opportunities for businesses looking to capitalize on the availability and user-friendly nature of new media, and this revolution also provides the artist with a relatively simpler and cost-effective way of distributing their work.Through an analysis of the onset of this new media revolution...

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Sponsorship Strategies that Brands can Leverage

The vast choice of sponsorships can by tempting for any company, especially if you assess each one in a vacuum. It’s easy for a sponsor to feel like a kid in a candy shop when so many options abound, but the wrong choice can lead to a scattered portfolio. Such an approach can sometimes yield positive results for a sponsor, but a well-structured selection can enhance your performance tenfold. Here we’ve broken down the strategies successfully leveraged by major brands, and drawn a few important conclusions. Here are six sponsorship strategies worth taking note of:

1. Vertical integration

Common in the sporting world, a vertical strategy is used to associate a brand with a specific market. For example, if a company sponsors a professional team within a given sport, it will also partner with a variety of amateur and recreational teams and leagues, or it will sponsor various elements associated with the professional team, such as the league, the stadium, the team and the athletes.

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Leveraging Sponsorship: The Activation Ratio

Abstract

The accelerated growth of sponsorship has brought increased attention and scrutiny to this relatively new area of marketing and communications strategy. In turn, researchers have focused on defining, understanding and measuring the various aspects of sponsorship. However, detailed research related to the ‘how’ of sponsorship implementation remains limited. A key aspect of implementation is known as activation, which refers to the investment by the sponsor above and beyond the fee required to acquire the official rights to that sponsorship. Activation is normally referred to as a ratio of the additional investment to the cost of the rights fees. Previous studies have offered recommended activation ratios ranging from 1:1 to as high as 8:1 in order to fully reap the rewards of sponsorship. This research seeks to enhance our understanding of sponsorship activation via an in-depth case study, a typical method for exploratory research of this nature. Specifically, we ask (i) what drives activation, (ii) what are the best methods of activation, and (iii) how much...

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