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Intercooler Effect On Conventional Supercharging Systems

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Abstract

There are three certain problems in automotive applications that cause environmental effect, cost and comfort problems. Therefore, internal combustion engines are required to have not only a high specific power output but also to release less pollutant emissions. For these reasons, current light and medium duty engines are being highly turbocharged because of having negative environmental effects of internal combustion engines. Due to mentioned facts, there are studies going on to improve internal combustion engine performance. Studies for supercharging systems are also included in this range. One of the most important problems faced in supercharging systems is that air density is decreasing while compressing air. Also air with high temperature causes pre-ignition and detonation at spark ignited engines. Various methods have been developed to cool down charge air which is heated during supercharging process. One of these methods is to use a compact heat exchangers called as intercoolers to cool charging air. The purpose of an intercooler is to cool...

Detailed Simulation of Turbocharged Engines with Modelica

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Abstract

This paper describes the development and application of detailed models for the simulation of turbocharged spark-ignited engines in Modelica. Following a brief overview of previously-published modeling capabilities, a new engine architecture that provides the flexibility required for simulating boosted systems is detailed. Techniques for turbocharger modeling are discussed followed by sample steady state and transient simulations that illustrate potential model usage in design and c

Lbia Guide To Business Interruption Insurance And Claims

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Preface

This guide has been sponsored by the London Business Interruption Association to build on the work produced by the industry’s experts, Messrs Hickmott and Riley in their well-known textbooks on the subject. There is a need to continually update reference books such as this and our intention is that the Association will be the lifetime editorial resource to make sure it is regularly reviewed and updated to take account of market changes and innovations.

Practical Calculation of Expected and Unexpected Losses in Operational Risk by Simulation Methods

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Introduction

One of the most difficult tasks in risk management is to set the appropriate level of capital to cover unexpected losses in banks and other financial institutions. Whereas expected losses can be described as the “usual” or average losses that an institution incurs in its natural course of business, unexpected losses are deviations from the average that may put an institution’s stability at risk. Not only risk managers are worried about these types of losses, but also regulators and financial supervisors, hence international standards are being continuously developed and improved to prevent institutions from going bankrupt due to these large potential losses. The most widespread of these standards is The New Basel Capital. Accord, also known as Basel II.

Business Interruption Wordings – Commonly Asked Questions

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

What does the term “Business Interruption” mean?

Business Interruption insurance is coverage that protects a business in the event of natural disaster, fire or other circumstances insured under the Material Damage section of a policy which result in a break in their commercial activities and their consequently being unable to maintain their turnover or income.

A “break in commercial activities” means an insured being either unable to trade or being forced to continue trading under reduced or differing circumstances which would have a direct effect on the turnover of the business...

Spectator Injuries: Examining Owner Negligence and the Assumption of Risk Defense

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

INTRODUCTION

People attend sporting events for various reasons. A person may attend for the love of the game, because friends or family persuaded the person to go, or to impress that special someone. However, injuries to spectators can affect anyone at or near the game. Spectators who lawfully purchase tickets to attend sporting events are business invitees and are be able to recover damages from stadium owners who “knew or should have known that a condition existed which posed an unreasonable risk to the spectators, the spectators could not have discovered and protected themselves against this risk, and he owners failed to exercise reasonable care for the spectator’s protection.”

The purpose of this article is to: (1) analyze the current duty of care owed by stadium owners to spectators in baseball and hockey; (2) identify when any assumption of risk defenses...

Multiple Claimants And Insufficient Limits – Can Insurers Lessen Their Exposure To Bad Faith Claims?

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

I. INTRODUCTION

When multiple claimants are vying for insufficient policy limits, an insurer’s bad faith exposure is magnified. If a settlement of some, but not all, claims exhausts the available policy limits, the insured is exposed to ongoing litigation without defense coverage. If the insurer conditions settlement on resolving all existing and potential claims, the insurer may face bad faith failure-to-settle claims from the plaintiff(s) unwilling to await a global resolution or dissatisfied with their share of the policy proceeds. This paper discusses and analyzes an insurer’s obligations to its insureds in multiple claimant/excess exposure scenario...

Rationalizing a Decade of Judicial Responses to Exculpatory Clauses

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Now Pilate, seeing that he was doing no good, but rather a riot was breaking out, took water and washed his hands in sight of the crowd, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this just man; see to it yourselves." And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children."'Pontius Pilate's non mea culpa qualifies as a famous attempt to excuse the effects of behavior, As Fifth Procurator of Judea, Pilate was bound by a duty to punish the guilty and protect the innocent. If he failed to act reasonably in performing either of those acts, he was accountable for the consequences. However, others could bargain to assume responsibility for those consequences, as did the people of Judea in the example reported by Matthew above."

Protecting Privacy From Aerial Surveillance:

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Introduction

Unmanned aircraft carrying cameras raise the prospect of a significant new avenue for the surveillance of American life. Many Americans have heard of these aircraft, commonly called drones, because of their use overseas in places like Afghanistan and Yemen. But drones are coming to America. Their deployment has so far been held up by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) over safety concerns, but that agency is under strong industry and Congressional pressure to pave the way for domestic deployment. Meanwhile, the technology is quickly becoming cheaper and more powerful, interest in deploying drones among police departments is increasing, and our privacy laws are not strong enough to ensure that the new technology will be used responsibly and consistently with democratic values.

A Three Dimentional Model of Stadium Owner Liability in Spectator Injury Cases

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Stadium and event-site owners are under a duty to provide reason-ably safe premises for spectators at sporting events. In turn, spectators may find that in certain jurisdictions, they are limited to, or outright barred from, recovering damages resulting from injuries which occur at the event. This article analyzes the duties placed on the stadium and event-site owners to prevent such injuries, as well as the defenses avail-able to stadium and event-site owners.

Spectator injuries constitute a large area of negligence law and there is a commonality among the various spectator sports. This article analyzes stadium/event-site owner liability in a three dimensional model.The purpose of a three dimensional model is to unweave the complex fabric which constitutes liability for spectator injuries.

Various sports are independently analyzed in the first section, which represents one dimension. Analyzing specific spectator sports is some-what traditional. That is, law review articles typically analyze the risks inherent to spectators in the more popular sports by breaking these sports into separate categories.

Individual Recovery for Promoter’s Fraud Procedural Problems under S.E.C. Rule 10b-5

August 6, 2020March 12, 2018 by admin

Recovery by an individual investor for the fraudulent practices of corporate promoters has been difficult. The typical case arises when the promoter, acting through a controlled board of directors, causes the corporation to issue stock to him in return for inadequate consideration. Stock is then sold to the public without disclosure of the earlier sale to the promoter. The investor who buys into the corporation expecting to share proportionately in the assets finds that he gets farless because the transfer to the promoter has caused dilution of the stock's value.If the fraud is discovered and the individual stockholder attempts to seek redress,he is often deterred by the financial risks involved in maintaining a private suit,especially since his potential recovery will be limited by the number of shares he holds. Prior to the Securities Act of 19332 and the Securities Exchange Act of19343 the defrauded investor was limited to remedies available under state o rcommon law. While state blue...

Financing Modern Sport In The Face Of A Sporting Ethic

August 6, 2020March 11, 2018 by admin

Introduction

Relationships between sport and money are longstanding and necessary: this cannot be concealed in the light of a Coubertanian ideal that is often poorly understood. From the very first ancient Olympic Games, sporting events have required human, material and financial resources to be mobilised. When sporting practice has a competitive purpose, it offers a spectacle, the organizing of which necessitates finance, and the promotion of which can bring in substantial income. Sporting practice itself has become an act of consumption, bringing in its train expenses for sports clothing goods, hiring equipment, entry tickets, and the price of transport - especially for staffed, maintained, secured, and priced sites, and particularly for outdoor and country sports (Andreff, 1992; Andreff and Nys, 1997; Andreff and Weber, 1995).

Sponsorship as a Form of Fundraising in the Arts: A Bilateral Perspective Involving Relationship Marketing

August 6, 2020March 10, 2018 by admin

An understanding of the workings, management and implications of sponsorship relationships, are becoming increasingly important to all arts administrators, in times of dwindling government assistance,and keener competition for audiences. Sponsorship research suffers from a lack of a suitable theoretical underpinning to assist operators in its understanding. This paper examines sponsorship in the context of relationship marketing and network theory. It concludes with case studies of two Australian theatre companies, illustrating application to relationship marketing principles.

The Influence Of Brand Preference On Brand Image Transfer: A Research On Brand Event Congruity In Sponsorship

August 6, 2020March 10, 2018 by admin

ABSTRACT

Despite the growing attention for sponsorship's, few studies have focused on brand image issues. This article reports findings of an experimental research in which participants assessed the degree to which an event’s image associations were transferred to a brand through event sponsorship's. Results indicated that congruent sponsorship's enhance image transfer, as opposed to incongruent sponsorship's. This interaction effect was moderated by brand preferences. Participants with weak brand preferences ranked highest on brand image transfer in the incongruent condition, whereas participants with strong brand preferences were more likely to engage in image transfer when they were exposed to congruent brand event sponsorship. The latter group ranked lowest on brand image transfer in the incongruent condition. The research utilizes a 2 x 2 factorial design where two variations of brand event congruity (congruent vs. incongruent) and two different conditions of brand preferences (low vs. high) are used to test the influence of different sponsorship's on the brand image beliefs of a new product.

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