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Day: March 6, 2018

Understanding Loyalty and Motivation of Professional Sports Fans

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Introduction

The common culture of the United States is characterized by the want for entertainment (Russell, 2009). The entertainment industry as a whole is typically broken down into segments of music, television and movies. While this constitutes a large portion of the annual revenue generated by leisure activities, it overlooks the billion dollar empire that is professional sports. It is estimated that the sports industry in its entirety is worth over $420 billion with roughly $20 billion of that coming from a combination of Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Football League (NFL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) (Plunkett Research, Ltd., 2011). In addition to the revenue garnered by the teams, fans bring millions of dollars a year into cities hosting a game. The city of Indianapolis, for example, draws 250,000 fans for the three week celebration leading up to the Indianapolis 500 and sees an economic impact of approximately $40 million each time it hosts the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s...

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Tackling The Digital Future Of Sports Journalism

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INTRODUCTION

People increasingly want more. More money, more time, more space. And it is no different with news. Audiences are expecting sports news on an as-it-happens-basis and, as digital technology continues to develop, that news is being readily presented. Not so long ago sports fans would have had to wait until the next day’s newspaper or the evening’s news broadcast, to find out the score of a sports match. Now, via a huge array of platforms, they can access the score, a match report, post-match comments, video highlights and every imaginable statistic almost as soon as the final whistle is blown. It’s telling of the age we are living in and the impact digital technology and, in particular, the internet, is having on traditional sports media. But what does it mean for sports journalists, sports journalism and the audience? The digital era is certainly presenting sports newsrooms with constant challenges. Not only is it...

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Tv Networks Valued Their News Operations. Why They Did Is Open To Debate, But Former Newsman Ted Koppel Argues:

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The FCC began licensing experimental television stations as early as 1937, but sponsorship of programs by advertisers was forbidden during this testing phase. Almost immediately after World War II war ended, the FCC was hit with 158 new applications, many of them from newspaper and radio companies trying to head off anticipated competition. By 1948 there were 34 stations operating in 21 different cities, broadcasting to over one million television sets.

Newspaper companies owned over 33 percent of those stations, and by 1952 that figure had climbed to 45 percent.

The New York Daily News applied for an ownership license in 1946, despite New York’s already having three stations. Its managers had hit on an idea for differentiation: feature local news instead of the 15-minute national and international news broadcasts shown by the network stations. “Our plan was for a people’s newscast,” explained Leavitt Pope, an executive of Channel 11. It aired in the form of Telepix Newsreel, two local nightly newscasts filling a 10-minute slot at...

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Cultural Differences in Fan Ritualization: A Cross-Cultural Perspective of the Ritualization of American and Japanese Baseball Fans

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the fan ritualization process through which an individual acquires ritualized sports fandom, as characterized by symbolized, role-assimilated, and selfenacted sports-related consumption experiences. Sports fans employ several fan ritualization strategies including formalism, symbolic performance, traditionalism, and socializing in order to secure ritualized sports fandom. However, these strategies of fanritualization are culture-specific because sports fans authorize and legitimize ritualized sports fandom according to their cultural values. This paper offers several propositions regarding cultural differences in fan ritualization between American and Japanese baseball fans.

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Complaints Against Various Licensees Regarding Their Broadcast Of The Fox Television Network Program “Married By America” On April 7, 2003

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I. INTRODUCTION

1. In this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture (“NAL”), issued pursuant to section 503(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”), and section 1.80 of the Commission’s rules,2 we find that the licensees of 169 Fox Television Network stations (“Fox Network Stations”)3 apparently broadcast indecent material during an episode of the Fox program “Married By America” on April 7, 2003, in apparent willful violation of the federal restrictions regarding the broadcast of indecent material. Based on our review of the facts and circumstances in this case, we conclude that the licensees are apparently liable for monetary forfeitures in the amount of $7,000 for each of their respective stations that broadcast the material at issue, for a total proposed forfeiture of $1,183,000.

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